At what layer of the TCP/IP model do devices such as switches and bridges operate?

Devices like switches and bridges operate at the Data Link layer of the TCP/IP model. This layer is responsible for the node-to-node transfer of data and for handling error correction from the physical layer.

The Data Link layer ensures that data packets are delivered to the correct device on the local network. Switches do this by using MAC addresses to forward data to the appropriate devices, while bridges connect multiple network segments and, similar to switches, use MAC addresses to filter traffic and reduce collisions on a network.

By functioning at this layer, these devices help manage and direct traffic within the same local area network, ensuring efficient communication between connected devices. The other options represent different layers with distinct functions, none of which align with the operational role of switches and bridges in handling local data transfer.